Primate Society and Human Society Essay Example for Free

Primate Society and Human Society Essay The current paper is planned to talk about the similitudes between the social practices of monkeys and people as indicated by the book â€Å"Almost Human† by Shirley Strum. The primary indication of social conduct Shirley Strum saw is danger flags the creatures pass on when a newcomer shows up (Strum, 1987, p. 24). Moreover, as the newcomer approaches, adolescents and grown-up females hover around him and cautiously look at him. The creatures present themselves in a fascinating manner: â€Å"A female â€Å"presents† to a male when she approaches and turns her base toward his face; at that point the male will by and large sniff her to check whether she is explicitly responsive. Two guys can likewise present to one another with no sexual expectation by any stretch of the imagination, and a similar welcome is every now and again traded by females, adolescents and even infants when they can oversee it. † (Strum, 1987, p. 25). In a few days upon the appearance of the newcomer, he stays an outsider, yet the other clan individuals keep their eyes on every development he makes. At the point when a female comes near a male, the last limits his eyes, shakes head and smacks his lips †this physical appearance is very regular among mandrills. Be that as it may, if the male isn't considered â€Å"popular† in the gathering of creatures, the female may essentially escape without presenting herself, at that point male keeps frowning as depicted above and goes with the inauspicious with delicate snorting. The couple play this game for a significant long time †the female methodologies and afterward rapidly diverts and get away, while the male keeps on displaying his â€Å"infatuation†. Such social â€Å"games† are played among people in our general public. For example, when a lady introduces herself to a man, she grins and warmly greets him. They likewise verbally trade their starting data †name, occupation, pastimes. Simultaneously, the man, who considers marriage or looks for a sex accomplice, forms the data about the woman’s appearance and . In the event that he is pulled in to the lady, he starts to make slight insights and social motions †e. g. , he may separate her among his companions and become progressively true, welcome her to a theater, film or supper, give her endowments and blossoms, etc. Be that as it may, if the lady sees the man has low social position or doesn't meet her social prerequisites, she is probably going to lose enthusiasm for his â€Å"candidacy†. Be that as it may, if the man perseveres and figures out how to introduce his enthusiasm as certified and stable, the personal connection may start. Human and primate practices in cross-sexual orientation connections are very comparative. Basically, mandrills present themselves to each other so as to get familiar with an outsider; comparatively, people present themselves both verbally and through grinning, shaking hands. This early on stage permits assembling the fundamental data and deciding the essential wellsprings of danger in the â€Å"interlocutor† (e. g. , infectious ailment, among people †protection and so on). Among people, grin goes about as an indication of the person’s serene aims, as people are less capable in the utilization and comprehension of non-verbal communication. Further, as a female mandrill moves toward the male and offers him a chance to breathe in her scent, she shows to him that she is explicitly experienced and can have private contact. Besides, such close acquaintance permits the male with inspect her appearance, or â€Å"beauty† †this factor is critical, given that â€Å"beauty† in primate bunches is related with physical wellbeing and wellness. The more advantageous the female is the more grounded offspring she can manage and the less issues with bearing and birth she will understanding. Likewise, human guys evaluate the female during the principal seconds of experience, specifically, they focus on such measures as age, physical magnificence and knowledge, as they half-deliberately select (not in every case purposefully) a possible sexual accomplice or mate and subliminally accept more youthful (to sensible degree, however by and large more youthful in contrast with the male), more intelligent and progressively beautiful ladies are fitter and more ready for life in this general public. Female primates show their bottoms when they look to bait a male, maybe in light of the fact that suitable structure of this body part fills in as a proof of the female’s sexual development and wellbeing. Human females, who wish to look â€Å"attractive†, likewise show their bodies, not really stripped, however consistently underlined by snappy garments, make-up and frill. In the wake of assessing the female and deciding if she accommodates his rules of physical turn of events and appearance, the male primate himself looks to draw in the female by showing his advantage and demonstrating his own wellness and quality. Thus to the primate society, among people, there is likewise a personal conduct standard which comprises in male’s obligation regarding making the initial move towards a steady relationship (e. g. welcoming the lady he is charmed by to a supper, engaging her, giving a ton of consideration to her character). In the event that the female monkey understands that male is pariah, she will keep disregarding him for quite a while, as the fittest guys, whose legacy will be generally positive for the future descendants as far as endurance, are regularly well known in the clan and have a serious extent of power. Moreover, famous individual from the clan is progressively equipped for accommodating his female when she is devoured by â€Å"childcare†. Like female monkeys, ladies become very dubious when meeting social outsiders or men of lower economic wellbeing, who are possibly more averse to address the issues of the family after the child shows up. Nonetheless, in the two social orders, if the male figures out how to demonstrate his constancy and holds taking care of the female for quite a while, the last may alter her perspective and discover him qualified. As one can accept, human social conduct in cross-sex connections is driven to a great extent by senses displayed by primates. The variables people and primates consider while choosing a sexual accomplice are as a rule the equivalent, as guys of the two gatherings above all else assess physical wellness, though females in both mandrill and human social orders make an increasingly mind boggling investigation and furthermore take a gander at the male’s social position imagining the need of dealing with helpless and subordinate descendants (or youngsters). The two people and creatures are significantly worried about the physical attributes of the people to come, which in part backs Darwin’s hypothesis of natural selection and the innate taking a stab at the endurance of the species.

Defender of the faith essays

Protector of the confidence papers In the short story Defender of the confidence by Phillip Roth, we are stood up to with a few distinct clashes: man versus himself, as Sergeant Marx is attempting to choose whether he ought to be a military man, or a Jewish man; man versus man, with Grossbart continually testing position and osmosis into the military; and man versus society, as Sergeant Marx is stressed over how his choices will be gotten in the military network. These contentions all lead to a general subject. The general topic being, that throughout everyday life, now and again, individuals may come in struggle with other people who like to misuse certain things or circumstances to further their own potential benefit. It might be difficult to conclude how to manage these circumstances, particularly in the event that you end up in a circumstance including an issue. Sergeant Marxs difficulty was, picking between putting together his choice of acting with respect to Grossbarts activities, on his strict principals or his military preparing. He goes to these issues regularly in the story, including minor circumstances, for example, the G.I. parties on Friday evenings when Jews should go to administrations (132) and increasingly major circumstances, for example, when each and every student was to be sent... to the Pacific each learner however one. (152) Grossbart was simply the one learner who escaped going. Sergeant Marx, for the initial segment of the story, would by and large help out Grossbart, maybe feeling somewhat slanted to do as such because of their strict ties; anyway before the finish of the story, Marx has seen through Grossbarts appearance and won't let Grossbart pull off whatever else. This could happen ordinarily throughout everyday life, where when somebody attempts to support another, just to find that they themselves are being mis used, just as everybody around them. All choices in life may not generally be great. There might be a few unique advantages and drawbacks engaged with all decisions. ... <!

Atlantic City

Atlantic City Atlantic City, city (1990 pop. 37,986), Atlantic co., SE N.J., an Atlantic resort and convention center; settled c.1790, inc. 1854. Situated on Absecon Island, a barrier island 10 mi (16.1 km) long, Atlantic City was a fishing village until the construction in 1854 of a railroad that made it a fashionable resort for Philadelphians and New Yorkers. Atlantic City's chief industry remains tourism, with some 24 million visitors annually. The first boardwalk was built in 1870, and its present incarnation, lined with casinos, hotels, shops, and amusements, is 6 mi (9.7 km) long. The casino industry, which was legalized in 1976 and began in 1978, at one time rivaled that in Las Vegas, Nevada, but the industry contracted after legalized gambling became more common in neighboring states, and by 2016 the city suffered from significant financial problems and faced a five-year state financial takeover. Urban blight, which continued during the casino boom years, remains a problem. Atlantic City has a large convention center. The Democratic national convention took place in the city in 1964, and the Miss America Pageant was held there annually from 1921 to 2005. Absecon Lighthouse, in operation 1854â€"1932, attracts tourists. The first Ferris wheel was built in Atlantic City in 1869. The board game Monopoly, which makes use of area street names, was invented here in 1930. In 2012 the city suffered significant flooding from Hurricane Sandy. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Childhood Vaccination Of A Child - 969 Words

My heart breaks in pieces when I witness my aunt taking care of her autistic child. I can only imagine how difficult it is for her to see her child like that every day that can’t communicate with others, that doesn’t socialize with his peers, can’t eat by himself, still plays with toys ages 0 to 5 when he is 15 years of age. It is more difficult to explain to her second son, why is his older brother acting certain ways. Her first child started to develop serious symptoms of autism right after MMR vaccine and that put her second child at very high risk. Is children vaccination even necessary? Do children really need vaccines? Is autism linked to vaccination? Question regardless vaccination of a child has been controversy for centuries. The role of childhood vaccination in prevention of diseases in the population is still very open subject of debate. In addition, the prospect of expanding vaccination programs to include healthy children has received increased atten tion in the past few years. Based on the researched studies I formed an opinion that children vaccination save lives, protect against serious disabilities, reduce suffering for children and their families who deal with low immune system and are sick a lot. Studies also show that vaccination does not cause autism. In order to further understand the debate, I will briefly explain how vaccines affect the immune system and aim to defend the body. The immune system has many different cells and one of the cells are memoryShow MoreRelatedSchool Vaccination Laws Should Not Be A Safe Environment For Children912 Words   |  4 PagesVaccination programs are among the most cost effective and widely used public health interventions and have helped to control the spread of epidemic diseases, including smallpox, measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, and polio.1 Each state has school vaccination laws which require children of appropriate age to be vaccinated for several communicable diseases. 2. Subject to exceptions, including individual medical,3 religious,4 and philosophical 5 objections, modern state school vaccination laws mandateRead MoreVaccinations And How Vaccines Protect Us All By Harrison Wein And Beliefs About Childhood Vaccinations1428 Words   |  6 Pagesaspects in their life. When thinking about what can help one to remain healthy, vaccinations come to mind. Vaccinations, to many people, are a necessity to remain healthy. I know when I was younger I hated to get a shot, but when I think about it today I am glad my parents made me get them. My mother was a nurse, so she knew the importance of vaccinations. Unfortunately, in todays’ society some parents think vaccinations can be more harmful then helpful, therefore refusing to vaccinate their childrenRead MoreChildhood Inoculations974 Words   |  4 Pages| Childhood Inoculations| Is it a decision for government or parents?| | Linda Trostle| 602.4.17-10| | There is much debate regarding the necessity and safety of childhood vaccinations. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends a series of vaccinations that include 26 doses of various vaccinations before age 6. Each state regulates and enforces the requirements for childhood vaccinations in the United State. Some parents believe that vaccinations can be harmfulRead MoreNo Needles: Why Vaccination Proponents Persuasive Methods are Counterintuitive1575 Words   |  7 Pageshealthier over the past century. Sadly, despite the improved longevity of our species, many people are still undecided about—or vehemently against—childhood vaccination. They claim that vaccinations are dangerous and responsible for autism and other conditions. Medical experts, however, refute these claims by citing both the safety and effectiveness of vaccinations. In fact, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), vaccines require years of testing before they’re licensed, and evenRead MoreVaccinations Should Be Mandated For Everyone1053 Words   |  5 PagesFor many years, there has been a controversy about whether or not vaccinations should be mandated for everyone. 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However these drugs are designedRead MoreChildhood Immunizations And Universal Vaccination1371 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood Immunizations and Universal Vaccination in the U.S. Brianna D. Lumpp Kennesaw State University WellStar School of Nursing Nursing 3302: Professionalism and Ethics in Nursing Spring 2015 November 10, 2015 Childhood Immunizations and Universal Vaccination in the U.S. For years, universal childhood vaccinations have been a deliberated and debated topic among much of the population. Those who are in support of vaccination, including healthcare providers, believe that vaccinationsRead MoreEssay Vaccinations: Vaccines Should Be Mandatory For All People 1001 Words   |  5 PagesVaccinations are designed to help people go through their everyday life. A country doctor, Edward Jenner, who lived in Berkeley, England, first administered vaccines in 1796 (Health Affairs). Throughout history, vaccinations have become better to where they are safer for the human body. Everyone should get vaccinated against certain disease to stay healthy. Vaccines have been proven to make people immune to serious diseases (Childhood Immunization). By being vaccinated the person is not only helpingRead MoreMandatory Vaccination Should Be Mandatory Vaccinations1228 Words   |  5 PagesMandatory vaccinations should be required for all citizens in the U.S. Having mandatory vaccinations will allow for well protected future generations that are susceptible to less health issues. With everyone being vaccinated there will be less occurrences of these diseases and sicknesses allowing future generations a more healthy life with fewer visits to the doctor’s office and hospital. Another reason to have mandatory vaccinations is that these vaccines are safe and approved by trusted medicalRead MorePromoting A Child s Safety Is The Main Goal Of Any Parent1250 Words   |  5 PagesYouth Helping maintain a child s safety is the main goal of any parent. Having children become vaccinated can allow the child to be protected from many common illnesses. Common vaccinations that most children are able to get at a young age can help cure problems that occur both early on and later in life. With these vaccinations, science has come great ways to keeping children safe and happy. Although there are risks for children who are receiving them, having a child vaccinated is the best way

Fast Food Is An Integral Part Of Our Society Essay

Fast food has become an integral part of our society by providing the option for a cheap and quick meal and on-the-go dining. In 1954, Ray Kroc, a seller of milkshake machines, took interest in the hamburger shop owned by the McDonald’s brothers. From there, Kroc suggested that the brothers â€Å"franchise† their restaurants and after skepticism from the brothers, Kroc took on most of the responsibility for making the chain national venture. Today, McDonald’s is a global phenomenon and a billion-dollar industry (alongside of hundreds of other chains). Yet, as our society continually becomes more mobile, fast food grows exponentially, causing detrimental effects in the behavior of individuals. Despite common belief, fast food is not a new, post-industrial idea. Rather, this idea stems from the fact that fast-food became what we know it as today after World War II. While the name and location of the first fast food restaurant is lost to history, historians speculate that it might have been in ancient Rome. In urban sections of Ancient Rome, many citizens lived in multi-storied complex’s that had no area designated for cooking. Therefore, it was necessary to have street vendors and store fronts to provide for large segments of populations that could not cook their own meals. In addition, as travel became more relevant, and transportation relied on the art of walking or horseback riding, inns and taverns provided food and rest to travelers who left for relocation or war. SoShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding The Impact Of Junk Food Essay1510 Words   |  7 Pages: Understanding the Impact of Junk Food INTRODUCTION Junk Food is that type of food which doesn’t contain nutritional value. It do not contain high level of calories and has little protein, vitamins and minerals. Such foods are also not good for health and has negative effects after consuming them. Why there is a More Demand of Junk Food? There are following reasons which shows that why people are attracted towards junk food:- â ¦  Preparation of junk food doesn’t take so much time and it isRead MoreDefining Popular American Culture1039 Words   |  5 PagesDefining Popular American Culture The study of culture is very important to our society, as we have been studying our past and identities for as long as we can recall. Studying our cultures allows us to understand each other as a people, so we can comprehend what we have done, and possibly, what we may do. As we study American popular culture, we see something that began as almost nothing, to a group of patterns that has captured the minds of not only the American people themselves, but the wholeRead More The Benifits of Fasting. Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pages Topic:The Health Benefits of Fasting The Health Benefits of Fasting Will Carroll There has been much contention in the scientific field about whether or not fasting is beneficial to ones health. Fasting is an integral part of many of the major religions including Islam, Judaism and Christianity. Many are dubious as to whether the physiological effects are as beneficial as the spiritual promoted by these religions. There is a significant community of alternative healers who believe that fastingRead MoreThe Consumer Rights Day By John F. Kennedy1332 Words   |  6 Pagessuggested that in many countries regulation was failing to respond fast enough. 5. The theme advocates for commitment by businesses in fast food trade to make a global commitment to stop the sale of meat raised with the routine use of antibiotics that are important to human medicine. Ladies and gentlemen, in 2012 the World Health Organisation (WHO) reported that antibiotic resistance was rising to dangerously high levels in all parts of the world. In this regard, WHO has warned that, without urgentRead MoreHealth Effects Of Fast Food1207 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Effects of Fast Food Healthy eating and living are indispensable requirements. The modern world has adopted a system of consumption of foods, which has a lot of adverse effects on health. Every day, life changes so much that people don’t have enough times to think about what is right to eat. Civilization and globalization have affected peoples eating habits and forced many to consume high calorie fast foods, which is known to as junk food. 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Few areas had all these possibilities but, since Indians ate every part of an animal and every edible plant in their locality, they came close an optimal diet. Traditional healers or medicine men as they became known to non-indigenous peo ple were an integral part of the indigenous community for centuries. Prior to theRead MoreTechnology And Society : Technology888 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology and Society Technology has played an integral part in shaping society in many different ways. Throughout history, technological inventions have changed everything from the way humans are clothed and fed to the very ways we communicate and interact as a species. Examining the effects technology has on society illustrate both how technology shapes culture and society and how society can affect future technology. This can be seen by examining a few of the major technological innovations inRead MoreArgumentative Essays About Obesity1560 Words   |  7 Pagesthemselves to get that far into bad health(obesity)? (might be more of a Psychology question though..) A good one for looking at arguments relating to the fast food industry is Super-Size me that documentary, that might give you some more ideas about arguments, to look into some of the issues that Morgan Spurlock touches on, (size of food portions, advertising, health related problems of obesity, etc..) Obesity in AmericaWhen people think about health what usually comes up is cancer, or some kindRead MoreWe Should Promote Healthier Food Choices And Keeping Our Children Active1574 Words   |  7 PagesWe should promote healthier food choices and keeping our children active because it will bring childhood obesity to a halt in America. One out of every five children in America is overweight or obese. This number is continuing to rise every day! Therefore, overweight children are at a higher risk of being overweight teenagers and adults. This places our youth at a great risk of developing chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cardiac issues later in life. They are also more likely to develop

Junk Food Prevalence and Its Physical and Mental Implications Free Essays

Name: Ali Hussain Al-Attas Date: 15/10/2011 Cause Effect Junk Food Prevalence and its Physical and Mental Implications Introduction: A study conducted lately, showed that junk food affects the function and structure of the brain which could change peoples’ behavior, especially that of children. By definition, junk food is pre-prepared food that has low nutritional value and is high in calories. The aim of this paper is to explore the causes of junk food prevalence and its physical and mental effects. We will write a custom essay sample on Junk Food Prevalence and Its Physical and Mental Implications or any similar topic only for you Order Now Paragraph 1: Causes: Abundance and Advertisements: Junk food has become very popular among people owing to its accessibility, taste, cost and strong media advertising. It’s difficult to find a district, or even a street, without a fast-food restaurant. Statistics indicate that the number of these restaurants tripled in the last decade. An example of advertisement is putting surprises, free toys, with every â€Å"happy meal† to attract children. The rise of the number of fast-food restaurant leads to an increase in its physical and mental hazards. Paragraph 2: Effects: Physical Implications: Junk food physical hazards of can be broadly categorized into two groups. The first is the immediate effect, namely, obesity that presents health risks. In 2005, a study conducted by NIH found higher rates of obesity in high schools with nearby fast-food restaurants. According to a study carried out on general education students in Saudi Arabia, the rate of obesity among those who frequently eat fast food is 38. 20%, while the rate is 19. 43% among those eating only one meal a week. Another study revealed that about one out of four (or 23. 6%) of Saudi adults are classified as obese. The second group is the distal effects. Being overweight and can increase the chances of getting chronic illnesses. The OSG pointed out that simply becoming obese, with over 30 BMI, raises the likelihood of developing many diseases including heart attack, stroke and few types of cancer. A 14-year prospective study showed men aged 40 to 65 years with a BMI more than 29 had a 72% increased risk of getting nonfatal or fatal coronary heart disease. Clearly, there are direct and indirect connections between junk food and a number of physical illnesses. Paragraph 3: Effects: Mental Implications: Similarly, Junk food results in emotional issues, such as, hyperactivity, and depression. What it does is that it changes the order of the brain. A recent study, conducted at 2010, revealed that it raises the risk of depression by 55%. Another research, involved 80 participants, showed that a drop in anger, aggression and depression resulted from replacing it with more healthy food. It also affects the educational attainment of students by secreting hormones that cause a partial mind inactivity. From that, it can be inferred that there is a strong link between consuming junk food and several behavioral problems. Conclusion: This paper illustrated the spread of junk food as an important factor for many physical and mental problems. Consuming junk food has direct implications, such as obesity. In addition, it leads indirectly to a number of chronic diseases. Furthermore, it changes peoples’ behavior and causes emotional illnesses e. g. aggression and depression. But it still widely spread because of the strong advertisement and few minor reasons. The awareness of this problem is on the increase, but the danger still exists, and governments and official organizations have to do something to reduce these risks. How to cite Junk Food Prevalence and Its Physical and Mental Implications, Essays

Lean Manufacturing Tools and Techniques

Question: Discuss about the Lean Manufacturing for Tools and Techniques. Answer: Introduction: Scientific Management : In 1800, Adam Smith was the main individual who built up the theory of Scientific Management. Smith had been the initial individual who segregated the jobs into smaller jobs to work in the processing plant where he worked. To the shock, the work that made 20 sticks a day delivered approximately 4800 sticks per day. Afterwards in the nineteenth century, Frederick Winslow Taylor concocted the scientific management keeping in mind the end goal to enhance the efficiency of workers by breaking down the procedure of work process (Wrege, 2008). Taylor was named as the father of scientific management; furthermore this kind of management was named as Taylorism because of his commitment in comprehension the work process in the manufacturing plants. F.W. Taylor imagined that by dissecting work, the "one best way" to perform it would be discovered. Taylor had exceptionally clear thoughts regarding the way to present his framework: Standardization: It is just by compulsorystandardization of techniques, compulsoryapplication of the best executes and working conditions, and compulsorycollaboration this speedier work can be guaranteed. Also, the obligation of implementing the application of principles and insisting this collaboration rests with management alone. Henry Gantt and Henry Ford provided with the latest description of the scientific management. As per Gantt it is imperative to think *about the workforce physiological necessities. In the hypothesis of scientific management, he didn't look into the points of interest of the deskilling the workforce however he applied the single unsurpassed approach strategy for Taylor (Sharples and Boulay, 2002). As indicated by him, every worker ought to be provided with standardised remuneration along with the reward. He additionally created an arrangement of work that was valuable to the management and also the workforce. Mass production: Afterwards, Henry Ford gave a different scope of the scientific management and his standards were known as Fordism. He was the proprietor of the car organization Ford. He recommended that the large scale manufacturing i.e. mass production is powerful with the assistance of mechanical production system innovation as the work is further more distributed in the work ers (Chandler, 1990). Efficiency at workplace: Prior to this theory it required huge period to finish the job as the staffs was constrained. The strategy of managers was to deliver the items in mass by sequential production system (assembly line). The assembly line systems swiftness decided the swiftness of the labourers. Ford's way to deal with scientific approach was further mechanical where he adapted the job while Taylor's way to deal with scientific management had been to encourage the junior workers in addition to incrementing the efficiency. Nonetheless, afterwards, Taylor's theory had been reprimanded by numerous businesses because he regarded the labourers as robots and had been cruel with them. Fords assumption had been extensively acknowledged through the firms and is applied till date. It won't be right to state that the scientific management isnt applicable nowadays in the business. It is particularly managed by the enterprises nowadays also. One of the greatest clients of scientific management in this period is McDonald's. Its a US- based chain of junk and is available around the world. They chip away at the rule of Ford that is they apply the way of sequential production system (Assembly line). The eateries are structured within a manner that the workforce don't find a way to finish their undertaking in more than 2 steps. Every one of the eateries worldwide is made on a similar idea. Mc Donald had utilized the idea of mechanical production system without bounds furthermore remembered the Lean operations to prevent all sorts of wastage (Feld, 2000). They have put their hardware in such a way, to the point that the waste is alleviated. (Sharples and Boulay, 2002). Contingency Management: The contingency way to deal with management depends on the possibility that there is no single best way to manage and that to be commanding, structuring, sorting out, forceful, and domineering have to be custom fitted to the explicit conditions brazen out by a firm. Supervisors have always enquired, for example, "What is the proper act to accomplish? Would it be a good idea to have an unthinking or a natural structure? An operational or divisional structure? Wide or contract ranges of management? Etc. The contingency ways to deal with management (alternatively termed as the situational way) suppose that there is no wide-ranging retort to these inquiries since firms, people, and incidents are different and amend after some time. In this way, the best thing to achieve is reliant on an intricate mix of basic natural and inward possibilities. Contingency way, otherwise called situational way, is an idea in management expressing that there is no single generally relevant arrangement of management standards (rules) by which to deal with, control or manage the firms. Organizations are separately extraordinary, confront diverse circumstances (contingency factors), and need distinctive ways of management. Lean Production: As per contingency leadership theory, the organizations structure (e.g. lean manufacturing) impacts leadership qualities (Weitz, 1991). In light of past reviews on administrative work in lean manufacturing definition of wanted (patrons like intention arouser, execution arranged and so on.) and unwanted (inhibitors like imperious, authoritarian and so forth) leadership characteristics of Lean production chiefs are given. Structure of organization: Contingency strategy as created by Kieser and Kubicek declares that the prescribed structure of a firm characterizes the parts of its individuals particularly and in this way guides their conduct to a specific level. The execution of the firm relies upon how much these responsibility descriptions empower individuals to adapt to the prerequisites coming about because of the setting of the organization. Mc Donald had embraced the approach of Ford as well as of Taylor as at the eateries every undertaking has been segregated into secondary assignments like preparing a ham burger, where the burger is barbecued, subsequent is to put veggies, including sauces, including cheddar and enfolding it finally. With this, the laborers effectiveness is expanded and the guidelines are kept up all through the outlets. The use of different apparatuses like French fries appliance, containers for beverages, and so forth are utilized to complete the assignment in a gainful way, they are altogether received from the hypotheses of Taylor and Fords scientific management. Subsequently it is not incorrect to state that the standards of scientific management are acknowledged in current era too and are not part of nineteenth century. But, it is reprimanded by individuals as the specialists who are very much talented did not find the opportunity to demonstrate their aptitudes as they needed to do same assignme nt on and on. Performing just a single undertaking over and over makes the task as exhausting for the employees since they lose the inspiration and accordingly works pitifully. Joan Woodward (1958) - one of the leaders in stirring organization hypothesis to the contingency thinking strategy, has concentrated the impact of the innovation on the organizations. Woodward expressed "diverse advancements forced various types of wants, and these wants needed to fulfill through a proper structure. Monetarily effective firms appeared to be those in which capacity and frame were correlative. Goals being pursued: The contingency thinking attaches the doubts of situation and outer elements affecting work with setting-based components of authority and basic leadership. The contingency thinking hypothesis focuses to different administrative goals, acts, approaches, methods, and capacities will shift as indicated by the specific conditions of the circumstance. Risks and uncertainties: In any case, confronting the extraordinary and expanding vulnerability and uncertainties while dealing with organizations, it is not shocking that the firms utilizing the classical management strategies need resolutions. As per the contingency approach, it looks for a suitable way(s) to deal with a firm. A few firms may enlist management consultant to assist in recognizing the successful approaches to manage the present conditions, latest approaches and laws, political problems, latest markets, latest contenders, and so forth. In short, the classical management theories are frequently reprimanded as disregarding the human wants, and it seldom contemplates the individual mistakes. These theories even disregarded the variable performance of people. Thus, a few contingency methodologies were created simultaneously in the late 1960s. In his book Images of Organization (2007), Gareth Morgan portrays the primary thoughts of contingency as below: Firms are open frameworks that require watchful management to fulfil and adjust interior wants and to adjust to environment There is no single best-way of sorting out. The fitting structure relies upon the sort of errand or surroundings one is managing Managers have to be aware, most importantly, of accomplishing arrangements and best suitability, and Diverse sorts of firms and structures are required in various sorts of environments. Latest Technology: It's unmistakable now that there is doubtlessly the powerful management and firms are relied upon an assortment of basic components. The vast majority of those essential variables (organizational structure, managerial approach, and informal gatherings) are outer to the firm. Basically, on the grounds that distinctive firms confront diverse conditions, have distinctive conditions, gauges, capital, and so on. It merits specifying the essential sorts of contingency: A firms technology to produce its size Its errand surroundings. Employees management: The contingency thinking comes to the supervision from a very surprising point of view than the manner in which old management scholars (e.g. Weber and Weber) led. They accepted that they have found the "one-best-way" of controlling and managing the firms; then again, the skilled administrators realize that there is none "one-best-way". As per the contingency approach there is no classical one best way and there is a need to know differences in staffs and react suitably to them. Contingency theory is an identification of the great significance of an employees performance in any specified circumstances. The contingency approach is fully reliant on the experience and decision of the manager in a specified situation, and on the reaction of different kinds of staffs. As such, not every one of the workforce, circumstances, conditions and surroundings ought to be dealt with indistinguishably. Along these lines, the contingency thinking proposes numerous approaches which chiefs can apply as per the circumstance they face. References Chandler, A.D., Jr. (1990). Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press Feld, W. (2000). Lean manufacturing: Tools, techniques and how to use them. Boca Raton, FL: St. Lucie Press. Sharples, M. du Boulay, G.H. (2002). Socio-cognitive engineering: A methodology for the design of human centered technology. European Journal of Operational Research, 136: 310-323. Weitz, B.A. (1991). "Effectiveness in Sales Interactions: A Contingency Framework", Joumal of Marketing, Vol. 45, Winter, pp. 85-103. Woodward, J. (1958).Management and Technology. London: Her Majestys Stationary Office. Wrege, C.D. (2008). F.W. Taylors Lectures on Management, June 4, 1907, Journal of Management History, 14: 209-213.

A History of the Chola Empire of India

A History of the Chola Empire of India Nobody knows exactly when the first Chola kings took power in the southern point of India, but certainly, the Chola Dynasty was established by the third century BCE, because they are mentioned in one of Ashoka the Greats stelae.  Not only did the Cholas outlast Ashokas Mauryan Empire, they continued to rule until 1279 CE- more than 1,500 years.   Fun Fact The Cholas ruled for more than 1,500 years, making them one of the longest-ruling families in human history, if not the longest. The Chola Empire was based in the Kaveri River Valley, which runs southeast through Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and the southern Deccan Plateau to the Bay of Bengal.  At its height, the Chola Empire controlled not only southern India and Sri Lanka, but also the Maldives.  It took key maritime trading posts from the Srivijaya Empire in what is now Indonesia, enabling a rich cultural transfusion in both directions, and sent diplomatic and trading missions to Chinas Song Dynasty (960 - 1279 CE). Chola History The origins of the Chola Dynasty are lost to history.  The kingdom is mentioned, however, in early Tamil literature, and on one of the Pillars of Ashoka (273 - 232 BCE).  It also appears in the Greco-Roman Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (c. 40 - 60 CE), and in Ptolemys Geography (c. 150 CE).  The ruling family came from the Tamil ethnic group. Around the year 300 CE, the Pallava and Pandya Kingdoms spread their influence over most of the Tamil heartlands of southern India, and the Cholas went into a decline.  They likely served as sub-rulers under the new powers, yet they retained  enough prestige that their daughters often married in to the Pallava and Pandya families. When war broke out between the Pallava and Pandya kingdoms in about 850 CE, the Cholas seized their chance.  King Vijayalaya renounced his Pallava overlord and captured the city of Thanjavur (Tanjore), making it his new capital.  This marked the start of the Medieval Chola period  and the peak of Chola power. Vijayalayas son, Aditya I, went on to defeat  the Pandyan Kingdom in 885 and the  Pallava Kingdom in 897 CE.  His son followed up with the conquest of Sri Lanka in 925; by 985, the Chola Dynasty ruled all of the Tamil-speaking regions of southern India.  The next two kings, Rajaraja Chola I (r. 985 - 1014 CE) and Rajendra Chola I (r. 1012 - 1044 CE) extended the empire still further.   Rajaraja Cholas reign marked the emergence of the Chola Empire as a multi-ethnic trading colossus.  He pushed the empires northern boundary out of Tamil lands to Kalinga in the northeast of India  and sent his navy to capture the Maldives and the rich Malabar Coast along the subcontinents southwestern shore.  These territories were key points along the  Indian Ocean trade routes.   By 1044, Rajendra Chola had pushed the borders north to the Ganges River (Ganga), conquering the rulers of Bihar and Bengal, and he had also taken coastal Myanmar (Burma), the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and key ports in the Indonesian archipelago and Malay Peninsula.  It was the first true maritime empire based in India.  The Chola Empire under Rajendra even exacted tribute from Siam (Thailand) and Cambodia.  Cultural and artistic influences flowed in both directions between Indochina and the Indian mainland.   Throughout the medieval period, however, the Cholas had one major thorn in their side.  The Chalukya Empire, in the  western Deccan Plateau,  rose up periodically and tried to throw off Chola control.  After decades of intermittent warfare, the Chalukya kingdom collapsed in 1190.  The Chola Empire, however, did not long outlast its gadfly. It was an ancient rival that finally did in the Cholas for good.  Between 1150 and 1279, the Pandya family gathered its armies and launched a number of bids for independence in their traditional lands.  The Cholas under Rajendra III  fell to the Pandyan Empire  in 1279  and ceased to exist. The Chola Empire left a rich legacy in the Tamil country.  It saw majestic architectural accomplishments such as the Thanjavur Temple, amazing artwork including particularly graceful  bronze sculpture, and a golden age of Tamil literature and poetry.  All of these cultural properties also found their way into the Southeast Asian artistic lexicon, influencing religious art and literature from Cambodia to Java.

The Top 5 Major Industry Jobs in the Southeast

The Top 5 Major Industry Jobs in the Southeast If you’re looking for a career change (or a change of scenery!), here are some of the fastest-growing jobs for 2016 in the southeastern part of the United States. This includes Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. The southeast is poised for booming job growth in 2016, buoyed by industries like manufacturing, healthcare, and construction, as many Americans flee rough winters for warm southern charm and legendary food.1. Tech Job Outlook: Computer Systems AnalystMove over, Silicon Valley: the fastest-growing tech hubs are mid-sized cities which are capitalizing on nearby universities and large companies to attract talent. Cities like Nashville, TN, and Raleigh, NC, are leading the way here. Computer systems analysts will be a high-demand position as this industry grows.Systems analysts take current computer systems and processes and design solutions to make them run more effectively. This role, which typically requires a bachelor’s degree, has a median salary of $82,710 per year, and is expected to grow like gangbusters- 21% per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.2. Administrative Job Outlook: Market Research AnalystWith the population getting more diverse all the time, identifying trends and helping companies refine their outreach and branding is a key role. This is where market research analysts come in. They take consumer data and turn it into sales leads, marketing promotions, or market forecasts for companies. The field is expected to grown approximately 19%, and offers a median salary of $61,290.3. Logistics Job Outlook: MachinistsMany companies are relocating their manufacturing plants to the southeast. For example, Mercedes-Benz USA announced in 2015 that it would be moving its headquarters to Atlanta, GA, and bringing with it more than 1,000 jobs. Machinists are a large part of this industrial workforce, operating tools to produce and modify parts. The median salary for machinist s is $41,510, and the field is open to those with a high school diploma- or equivalent vocational training or experience.4. Healthcare Job Outlook: Home Health AideThe southeast has always been a popular retirement spot for Americans, and that trend is not slowing anytime soon. With an aging population comes very specific healthcare needs- many of which are addressed by home health aides. These aides provide in-home care for clients who have disabilities, chronic illnesses, or other impairments that interfere with the ability to carry out with daily tasks. In addition to helping with chores around the home, aides may also be responsible for monitoring vital signs and ensuring that clients take medication.There is no formal education requirement for home health aides, but some states may require additional certification. The median salary for this job is $21,380, and the field is expected to grow by 38%- much faster than average.5. Service Job Outlook: Medical Equipment RepairersGoin g hand in hand with the extreme growth in healthcare needs, professionals who maintain and repair medical equipment will also be in high demand. Medical equipment repairers install, maintain, and repair equipment used in diagnosis and patient care.The median salary for this job is $45,660, and employers generally prefer candidates with an Associate’s degree in engineering or biomedical technology.The southeast is on the upswing- and not just because you can sit  on a beach in December without freezing. People of all demographics are seeking opportunities in the region, and many industries are gearing up to accommodate that growth.

Article and Episode Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article and Episode Review - Essay Example Even after trying to shake the concept by engaging in comedy films, they still could not avoid seeming morally weak. With the advent of technology and other similar developments, the Asians have had changes in their lifestyles and this has led to the creation of movies that do not generally describe the poor Asian culture. One of the movies that have characterized this according to the article is Second Generation. The movie is one that was acted and directed by Asians in their own terrain. It is seen as a big step forward as it does not focus on vices but rather describes the Asian movie world in another perception. The movie generally talks about the music industry, touches a little on religion and the concept of romance rather than an extended focus on rituals. The article further talks about the movie and describes the actions of the characters. On the romance part of the film, it describes the manner through which a lady, Heere, is free of family oppression and lives with the lo ver, Jack. The religious part of the movie is where there is the description of the mosque to which she goes and the fact that there is the worship of a supreme being. As for the music industry, Heere is said to have run to her ex boyfriend. ... The article claims that the concept of family is again portrayed in the film but not in the best manner possible. This got at the point where Heere’s father gets ill and is put in a coma. It is at this point where it is understood that the family was not running all that well. This is because the sisters call Heere and ask her to get back home and face her past. The past relationship between her and her family was poor as her father was against the idea of her dating Jack. Heere who had acted in rebellion had taken off from home and gone to live with Jack. Her sisters had got mad at the idea and had decided to lose contact with her. The article states that the story is however turned around when she gets back home and re unites with her family for the sake of the deep embedded love that she bore for her father. This is a move against ancient Asian movies that the family relations were not fully settled but rather ended with a negative aspect. Second Generation constantly shows problems associated with families and the manner through which they get resolved. Minority media is described as a notion that the conventional media either lacks the ability or the willingness of airing the problems being faced by the minority population. It is described to be one of the causes of homogeneity when dealing with the population due to the fact that it does not represent all communities fairly. In Second Generation, several scenes clearly describe the concept of minority media. One of the scenes is at the point where Heere’s father gets ill and there is no much focus on her health by the media through Heere’s ex lover, Sam. Heere is portrayed to be of a less developed community as

Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art History - Essay Example This was followed by the High Renaissance to Early Modern Art period from 1400-1880; which included 1400 to the1500s – there was the Fifteenth-Century Italian Art; from 1495 to1527 - The High Renaissance; from 1520 to1600 – The Mannerism era; followed by The Renaissance in Northern Europe from 1325 to 1600, which had Baroque Art, The Rococo, Neo classicism / Romanticism, Realism and Impressionism. Lastly, this led to Modern art (1880- to the present time). Each period of Art reflects not only the growth in intellect but also the evolution of techniques which were honed to change the expression of art. The three types of art which will be discussed are Renaissance, as a whole from the 1200 to the 1600, which was the most exciting time for art. Romanticism marked another change in the art movement, where concepts and perceptions took a new turn. The third type of art is Impressionism, which began looking at things in a new light. Firstly, renaissance era is considered the renewal of interest in the lost arts of Greece and Rome. The birth place of the renaissance era is considered to be Italy. The art of the renaissance era shows the revival of the Romanesque and Gothic art forms. The Renaissance era is important because of the colossal change that occurred during this time, as it marks the start of an intellectual movement and the realization of a knowledge based change in perceptions. The changes in artistic perceptions were showed the drastic change in themes which occurred and the objective changed to an individual’s display of superiority. In the middle ages there was more focus on religious art forms, which was not really swayed from, but with this new breed of educated artists which were emerging were bringing about a change in artistic movement, setting new standards and reaching new heights. During this time, there was a change in the artists’ mentality and their own perceptions about themselves, where they adopted new styles w hich showed their own artistic individuality, particularly in sculptures which were made at that time. Because of the increase in trading in areas, and the new found wealth, the people had a very high standard of living at that time, because of which, the people aspired to acquire knowledge in different fields and it was described as a time of increased growth, as there were new ideas which were thought of and new applications being used. There was a great influx in the building of many educational institutions in the area. There was a class of scholars who had a variety of interests in science, philosophy and mathematics. Because of this newfound need for knowledge, there was a drastic change in the styles of art seen during that period. The use of mathematics, in order to improve the accuracy of figures being painted, was also seen for the first time in this era. What is ironic to know is that these practical mathematical techniques applied to art, were born during this period, wh ich today, we take and use for granted. The study of humanistic characteristics was also initiated in this era. With the discoveries being made while studying the human anatomy, again found its use of this knowledge, which was the new craze at that time, to improve the human figures which were painted to make them look as real as possible. Prior to the renaissance era, the art forms were not as life like or even close, with human forms being depicted with disproportionate use of lines. But this new era brought about for the first

Analysis of the Louisiana Purchase Treaty

Analysis of the Louisiana Purchase Treaty The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 represented the time when the United States expanded to the West by buying an area previously owned by France for the price of 15 million dollars.[2] The purchase represented the major diplomatic success of a young nation and an opportunity to double its size and become a leading power. The area purchased would later become â€Å"the states of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, almost all of Oklahoma and Kansas, and large portions of what is now North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Minnesota, Colorado, and Louisiana.†[3] The treaty represented an interesting view of the relations between France and the US that promoted the sale of Louisiana by Napoleon Bonaparte. Additionally, the treaty also served to bring in a major political battlefield between the Federalists and Republicans concerning Article III of the treaty, raising the questions of whether the president can sign treaties and incorporate new people of a gained territory into th e union. This research paper will analyze the treaty and delve into the context behind the purchase of Louisiana by dividing it into three parts: the first part devoted to the relations between France and the US, the second to the provision of the treaty and the third to the consequences of the treaty on the constitution and its interpretation. The Relations between France and the USA Prior to the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, the relations between France and the United States of America in deep rift and experienced setbacks that led the two nations to be at war with each other unofficially. In the American side, it is known that the US received a great help in its war against Britain during the American Revolution, funding and weapons for the revolutionary warrior came directly from France. For instance, one of the major battles of the American Revolution in which America won was Yorktown, a battle that would not have been won without the help of the French navy.[4] This help did not come for free but was transformed into debt which the US agreed to pay to the kingdom of France. However, by 1792 France no longer was a monarchy but a republic exemplified by the execution of the last Bourbon king, Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette in 1793.[5] Acting on this political novelty, the US chose to neutralize its country regarding the English-French war by abrogating the Alliance Treaty of Mutual Support between the kingdom of France and the United States of America. Then the US canceled paying the debt that was owed to the kingdom of France and not to the newly formed republic.[6] These two policies angered France and thus induced the two countries to be under unofficial war that was called the Quasi-War. Under these circumstances the Americans were wary when the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso of 1800 retroceded the territory of Louisiana from Spain, under King Charles IV, to the republic of France. What made the Americans feel anxious upon hearing about the secret treaty, was the possibility that French might refuse American access to the Port of New Orleans, which is of utmost importance to the Americans as it is the only way planters in the Ohio valley area could transport their goods to the American cities in the Atlantic coast. Therefore, many voices in the US such as Alexander Hamilton were asking for a military action to seize the port o f New Orleans.[7] Because Thomas Jefferson occupied the post of the American ambassador in France from 1785 to 1789, he was intending to solve the issue peacefully with France. Jefferson found an opportunity to address his fears of the French presence in the Louisiana territory through playing two sides as he accepted to help France during the slave revolution in Santo Domingo[8] to stop trading with the leader of the rebellion of Toussaint LOuverture, or at least prevent the slaves from getting any goods and at the same time abandoning his promise in a diplomatic way without igniting any conflict between the two countries. Jefferson`s decision to help France during its struggle can be explained through the fear of the Southerners from a spillover of the slave revolt.[9] However, Jefferson changed his mind when a large French army was noticed in the vicinity of Santo Domingo. As it is stated by Thomas Fleming: When Pichon (a French diplomat in The US) sought help from Secretary of State Madison, he found himself answering difficult questions: Why was the French army so large? Shouldnt Paris have explained the first consuls plans before the expedition sailed? He also mentioned the report from Tobias Lear that part of the army was destined for Louisiana†¦He asked Madison to cooperate with France by allowing him to publish a letter announcing that trade with Santo Domingo was henceforth limited to ports controlled by France. He hoped Madison would publish a statement in support of this policy. Madisons answer was a masterpiece of evasion. He said it was very difficult to control the â€Å"national spirit† of a nation as commercially minded as the United States. The Southern states might support such an embargo because they feared the rebellious message LOuverture personified. But the Northern states, already rather hostile to the South, would violate it with impunity to sell their products to LOuvertures regime[10] Secretary of State James Madison found a clever of way of both keeping good relations with France and at the same time making sure that the revolt in Santo Domingo would eventually exhaust the French soldiers and prevent them from making their way to Louisiana. The United States of America at the beginning was not intending to buy the area of Louisiana, on the other hand the basic aim of Jefferson was to convince Napoleon Bonaparte to sell him the city of New Orleans. Jefferson was moved by the fear that foreign countries were intending to obtain the city hence, as the city serves to control the river of Mississippi, would jeopardize the right of America in the river. With Spain refusing to give access to Americans to use the river of Mississippi and access the port of New Orleans in 1798, due to a conflict between the US and Spain even though America signed the Pinckney Treaty, also known as San Lorenzo treaty, with Spain in 1795. Jefferson needed a way to let Americans gain access to the Mississippi River without being compelled to the desires of a foreign country. When Jefferson`s emissary, James Monroe, and Robert Livingston, proposed to Napoleon selling the city of New Orleans to the US, Bonaparte was ready to give not only the city b ut the whole area of Louisiana. The argument of Bonaparte was according to Thomas Fleming: I can hardly say I cede it to them,† Napoleon admitted. â€Å"For it is not yet in our possession. [But] If I leave the least time to our enemies, I will transmit only an empty title to those republicans whose friendship I seek. They ask for only one town of Louisiana [New Orleans]; but I consider the whole colony as completely lost, and it seems to me that in the hands of that growing power, it will be more useful to the policy and even the commerce of France than if I should try to keep it.[11] The readiness of Napoleon Bonaparte to not only sell New Orleans but also the whole territory of Louisiana surprised Jefferson and made him interested in buying the land. To his utmost astonishment, Robert Livingston was instructed by Thomas Jefferson to bargain a deal with Napoleon regarding the city of New Orleans and Florida with the price of 10 million dollars. At least, in case the deal was repudiated by Napoleon to at least obtain an agreement on the access to the port of New Orleans and the Mississippi river.[12] France`s Minister of the Treasury, Franà §ois Barbà ©-Marbois, played a pivotal role in convincing Bonaparte to sell the territory by pointing to its uselessness without the colony of Santo Domingo. Jefferson as well as Bonaparte were keen on signing the treaty as soon as possible, because Jefferson needed access to the land before any foreign country contesting the treaty, mainly Britain and Spain, would try to invade the territory. While Bonaparte was eager to ha ve money as soon as possible to finance his war adventures in Europe. Both Leaders were aware of the lack of legality in the Louisiana Purchase treaty due to Article III of the Treaty of San Ildefonso which states: His Catholic Majesty promises and undertakes on his part to retrocede to the French Republic, six months after the full and entire execution of the above conditions and provisions regarding His Royal Highness the Duke of Parma, the colony or province of Louisiana, with the same extent that it now has in the hands of Spain and that it had when France possessed it, and such as it ought to be according to the treaties subsequently concluded between Spain and other states.[13] The legal issue concerned the phrase that France will not cede the Louisiana territory to any foreign country. However, practicality won over legality and the legal issue was ignored, mainly due to the need of French empire for fund to cover its war expenses. As the United States could not summon the amount of 15 million dollars, Americans propose instead to sell their bonds to France and thanks to Baring and Company of London and Hope and Company of Amsterdam America was able issue 11.25 million dollars to cover its wars and empire building expenses.[14] The Provisions of the Treaty The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on April 30, 1803. The treaty includes 10 articles and the audience was the Americana and French public. The treaty begin by mentioning that the misunderstanding, embedded in Article III and Article V of the Convention of 1800 between the French Republic and the United States of America regarding the US claims based on the Treaty of Friendship Between Spain and The United States in October 27, 1795, would be solved upon the signature of the treaty. The American delegated to Robert R. Livingston and James Monroe the task of signing the treaty with Francis Marbois Minister of the public treasury from the French side. Article I specified the right of France in the territory regardless of the provisions of Article III of St Ildefonso as France was the former owner of Louisiana territory before it was given to Spain. In Article I, France used the adjective â€Å"incontestable title†[15] to describe its ownership of the territory. Thus, Spain cannot compel France to not sell the land to any third party or dispute its title to the area. In addition, the treaty is seen as strong proof of his (Napoleon) friendship[16] to the United States. Therefore, the territory to be given to the US is the same one given to France by Spain as it was stipulated in the treaty of St Ildefonso with with all its rights and appurtenances.[17] Nevertheless, The Louisiana Purchase Treaty angered the Spaniards during its ratification by France and The US. First, because it violated Article III of the Treaty of San Ildefonso, and second, because Spain was not interested in seeing Louisiana under the hands of Americans as it will divert their attention to the silver mines in New Spain[18]. However, due to the military weakness of Spain, it eventually and reluctantly accepted the situation. Article II stipulates that all the islands and territories, unless they are private property, are going to be in the possession of the US. Article III postulates the right of the inhabitants of Louisiana Territory to be given full rights just like the US citizens, based on the US constitution the federal government will protect the rights of freedom, respect of their property and religion. The fear from the mistreatment of the Louisiana inhabitants, who were predominantly Catholic, was generated from the fact that since the US is predominantly Protestant the right of Catholics will be transgressed. Furthermore, there is also the issue of private property of the inhabitants of the territory once it will be transferred to the US, the concern that the US might usurp them of their rights. In order to make sure that the points agreed on by both the government of France and the US are respected, Article IV states that France will send a Commissary[19] to the area of Louisiana to make sure that the provision of the treaty are all done without any problem. Article V addresses the issue of the soldiers of both Spain and France that are already in the territory during the signature of the treaty. Upon signature of the treaty they will be under the command of the commissary appointed by Thomas Jefferson with the idea that they will be embarked to their countries in the period of three months. The purpose of lingering the stay of both Spanish and French soldiers was issued on the grounds of practicality, as the US did not know the whole region and the deployment of those soldiers will take time to prevent any conflict between the three militaries. Article VI addresses the right of Indians that live in the territory and asking the US to abide by the treaties signed between Spain and Indians. Although France describes its title to the Louisiana territory as â€Å"incontestable,†[20] it is worth mentioning that France did not literally sell the land of Louisiana to the US but instead sold its claims to it, as the area was already inhabited by Indians.[21] The French Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, did not even know the exact boundaries of the territory it was just speculated that the area covers â€Å"from the Canadian border to the mouth of the Mississippi, and from the western bank of the great river to â€Å"the Shining Mountains,† the Indian name for the Rockies.†[22] Article VII stipulates that both France and Spain have the right to access the port of New Orleans without paying any duties other the one being paid by US citizens in the period of 12 years. At the same time, no other nation other than Spain and France would have the same privileges to the port of New Orleans. The bottom line was to not disturb the economic activities that were already in the territory by the treaty and to allow the people who did business in the area to adjust to the provisions of the treaty without losing their economic activities and protect their way of living. The period of 12 years will start after three months from the ratification of the Louisiana Purchase Treaty. Nonetheless, even after the period of 12 years, France will still be treated as the footing of the most favored nations[23] in New Orleans port according to the words of Article VIII. Besides the issue of US neutrality during France-England war, the major problem that prompted the Quasi-War, the question over the future of US debt towards France was addressed in the Louisiana Purchase Treaty under Article IX: The particular Convention Signed this day by the respective Ministers, having for its object to provide for the payment of debts due to the Citizens of the United States by the French Republic prior to the 30th Sept. 1800 is approved and to have its execution in the Same manner as if it had been inserted in this present treaty, and it Shall be ratified in the same form and in the Same time So that the one Shall not be ratified distinct from the other.[24] Article IX abides the US to continue paying its debt, prior to 1800, to France even though the regime in France has changed from a monarchy to a republic, thus solving a major issue as it was the reason behind the rift in the relations between the two countries after the French revolution took place in France. The agreement reached regarding the debt was of utmost importance to the French as they emphasized that the ratification of the treaty goes hand in hand with the ratification of the debt by making them two face of one coin. Article X, points to the fact that the treaty shall be ratified in the Space of Six months[25] after the signature of the treaty, while bearing in mind that the original treaty is the French version which is understandable as the French are the ones who were selling the land. The treaty was eventually signed by Robert Livingston, James Monroe and Barba Marbois, while the exact date of signature is April 30 in the French version it was written as the tenth of Floreal.[26] Regarding the English version of The Louisiana Purchase Treaty and apart from the difference in terms of French Republican Calendar, Article I included an excerpt from Article III of the Treaty of San Ildefonso in which the English verb â€Å"cede† was the equivalent of â€Å"rà ©trocà ©der† in the French version of the treaty.[27] The verb retrocede implies that the area of Louisiana was in prior possession of France whereby the verb â€Å"retrocede† means return back while the verb cede overlooks the fact that Louisiana was a French territory in the beginning, and instead deems it as a transfer of Spanish territory. In fact, the first settlers in Louisiana were the French, however due to the defeat of France and its allies (Spain) in the Seven Years War against England between 1756 and 1763. France decided to give the area to Spain under the Treaty of Paris in 1783 to compensate for the Spains loss of Florida.[28] The use of the word â€Å"cede† by Am ericans implies that Americans were not interested in allowing the French to one day come and ask for the territory again, they had with Spain. The Consequences of the Treaty on the US Constitution and its Interpretation Thomas Jefferson might have won the battle over the illegality of the treaty as it transgressed Article III of San Ildefonso Treaty. However a battle was awaiting him internally over the constitutionality of the treaty. The interpretation of constitution was a major issue that divided the two parties in congress. The Republicans were saying that anything that was not included in the constitution is unconstitutional while the Federalists wanted to broaden the constitution to give more influence to the central government. This line of reasoning changed with the Federalist resorting to a narrow and limitless interpretation of the constitution in contrast with the Republicans who were aiming for a broad interpretation of the constitution to allow the integration of Louisiana territory into the union. The origin of the sudden change of both parties has to do with the concern of New England that allowing the US to grow West would hurt its electoral power.[29] They were not against the inq uisition of Louisiana as a territory as they were also hoping to enlist Canada into the union but for political reasons the Louisiana Purchase was threatening to the Federalist Party. Ironically, it was the states of New England who paid for the Louisiana Purchase due to its high import duties compared to the South.[30] Jefferson was faced with a dilemma: he is republican who is strict to label any policy that is not described in the constitution as unconstitutional and simultaneously wanting to find a loophole for the treaty to be constitutional. Basically, Thomas Jefferson wanted to buy the Louisiana territory without the need to ferret the constitution for any provision that would make the purchase legal. President Jefferson faced two options either to search for a constitutional provision that would allow him to make the purchase or sign the treaty without the need of a backup from the constitution. In the end, President Thomas Jefferson opted for the latter choice under the advice of Attorney General Levi Lincoln by playing on words, which is instead of saying adding a new territory the USA, would say expand its territory that already existed.[31] In his eighth Congress speech, President Thomas Jefferson avoided talking about the constitutionality of the Purchase, and as there were more Republ icans than Federalists in the house the treaty was signed by the congress. Conversely, many Federalist congressmen opposed the treaty such as Gaylord Griswold who not only tackled the issue of constitutionality of the treaty but also asked for proof that the territory was under French rule and not the Spanish one. Federalists were trying to find any loophole about the treaty as they were afraid that America would be overwhelmed by Louisiana which would result in the loss of their political and economic power. Nevertheless, the Republicans consolidated their case with two arguments: first, if the constitution does not specify the right of the state to sign treaties then not only is The Louisiana Purchase Treaty illegal but also all the treaties that America signed in the past. Second, it is true that the US constitution never stated the expansion of America, yet the constitution cannot be confined to the instance when the constitution was drafted, as the Northwest and South expansion were not settled, thus the illegality of the treaty cannot be viewed from a narrow understanding of the constitution. Article III of the Louisiana Purchase Treaty stated: The inhabitants of the ceded territory shall be incorporated in the Union of the United States and admitted as soon as possible according to the principles of the federal Constitution to the enjoyment of all these rights, advantages and immunities of citizens of the United States, and in the mean time they shall be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property and the Religion which they profess. [32] The constitutional problem of the treaty rested in this Article as it talked about including new people into the Union. The problem of including the population of Louisiana into the Union was based on the fact that America, for the first time in its history, included an area that is diversified in terms of language (French), religion (Catholicism) and race (Creoles) in contrast with the Anglo-Saxon-protestant character of the US.[33] Under Article III of the treaty, the population of Louisiana had the â€Å"rights, advantages and immunities of citizens of the United States.†[34] However, Jefferson did not keep the promise of the Treaty of Louisiana Purchase to treat them like Americans. What is surprising is that Napoleon did not use this pretext to get Louisiana back as it is stated by Thomas Fleming: â€Å"no one seemed to give any thought to the way the legislation violated the treaty with France, which had guaranteed the inhabitants all the rights of U.S. citizens. The J effersonians were giving Napoleon a perfect pretext to declare the sale of Louisiana invalid whenever it suited him.†[35] The way the rulers were appointed by Jefferson in Louisiana raised the issue not only of the constitutionality of Article III but also the lack of submission to Article III in the first place. As it is stated by Thomas Fleming: In New Orleans†¦the new U.S. rulers were facing a hostile populace†¦It contained not a trace of democracy. Every official, from the governor to judges, was appointed by the president. There was no provision for trial by jury. Jefferson had decided that the French Creoles lacked the education and experience to participate in democracy.[36] Therefore, Article III faced two problems: was it constitutional? And was it fulfilled? Eventually, Thomas Jefferson would abide by the provision of Article III when the congress passed an act in March 2, 1805 that would allow the state of Louisiana to have an elective body of 25 members.[37] Conclusion The Louisiana Purchase treaty was a major treaty that allowed the US to double its size and become a strong power as well as empowering the central government. Jefferson was a pragmatic person who in spite of his strict definition of the constitution, thought it was for the best interest of the United States of America to seize the opportunity of acquiring a vast land. The constitution issue of the treaty paved the way for the Supreme Court under the chief justice John Marshal in 1828 to regard the powers of the president to sign treaties as a constitutional right, thus ending the issue of illegality of the treaty as both acquiring new territories is allowed in the constitution either by conquest or treaty.[38] In addition to solving the constitutional dilemma, the treaty was a major build-up for peaceful relations between France and the US or to be more accurate the return of the relations between the two countries to be normal in spite of the regime change in France. Bibliography

Education in Mizoram Essay

Education is the most vital process that contributes to all round development of a society. It not only brings about the best in human personality, but can also be the medium of peace and progress of a nation. Education is a critical factor in improving the quality of life of the people, in eradicating poverty and accelerating economic growth. It is the lifeline of any modern day civilization or country. â€Å"Without education, we cannot see beyond ourselves and our narrow surroundings to the reality of global interdependence. Without education, we cannot realize how peoples of other races and religions share the same dreams, the same hopes. Without education, we cannot recognize the university of human aims and aspirations. † – Kofi Annan. Mizoram is among those states where education was first initiated and popularized by the British. Missionaries were responsible for the growth and institutionalization of education in the state. The first educational institution in Mizoram was initiated by the missionaries in the Aizawl region in 1897. The educational scenario in Mizoram today as viewed from the angle of literacy is very promising – at 91. 58% and stands 2nd among the states in India, next only to Kerala, according to the 2011 Census. It is really not a figure we can much be proud of as education should be viewed from the angle of its contribution in improving the quality of life of the people and thereby eradicating poverty and accelerating economic growth, in which Mizoram is lagging behind. The main issue is that the current educational system is not able to produce employable graduates who can compete with graduates from other parts of the country. This results in the increase in unemployed graduates every year. STATE EDUCATION REFORMS COMMISSION-MIZORAM Educational system of any society needs regular changes and reforms in the light of the emerging issues, concerns and challenges. Recently, Mizoram has set up a State Education Reforms Commission with a view to promote qualitative change and reforms in the field of education. The report of the commission is an important guide towards restructuring the education system of Mizoram. The report suggests that in tune with the provisions and spirit  of ‘Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act of 2009’, the school education in the state may be readjusted. The national programmes like the SSA need to be implemented in letter and spirit. The report puts particular emphasis on pre-school education and recommends that institutions like SCERT may step in to help the state in this respect with documentation and research. The report emphasizes on the merits and applicability of open and distance learning system in supplementing the conventional and classroom based formal education and also in providing avenues for vocational education in the state. It may be pointed out here that the north-east region in general and Mizoram in particular could be developed as India’s hub for quality handicrafts and forest-based products. The report deals with some of the basic concerns of curriculum. In this connection, extra emphasis may have to be given on science and mathematics education with the application of innovative methods, kits and practices. The report also points out that with a view to achieve all-round development of the students, school curricula should have definite components of health and physical education, art education and work education. The report makes a particular reference to the provisions under Section 29 of the Right to Education Act 2009 and suggests there should not be any public examination for the students from Class I to VIII but with a continuous process of monitoring and comprehensive evaluation. A system of grading replaces the marking system. This system is currently being introduced in most private and govt. schools today with great enthusiasm from the teachers, parents and the students. The report suggests that there is an urgent need to boost enrolment of students in the colleges. As such, it recommended that so of the unviable colleges with poor enrolment records may be merged with other better functioning adjacent colleges. It also suggested that about 20% of the annual budget of higher education may be earmarked for infrastructural and instructional development in the colleges. The issues concerns and challenges of teacher education are also discussed in the report. It suggests that the existing may be strengthened with the help of additional inputs like infrastructural facilities and human resources. The report suggests upward mobility of teachers. It supports the idea of lifting of ban on new recruitments and avoidance of contractual appointment of teachers as far as practicable. The report suggests that the government should encourage professional development of school and college teachers by providing facilities like study leave, research grants, etc. SSA Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is a comprehensive and integrated flagship programme of Government of India to attain Universal Elementary Education (UEE), covering the entire country in a mission mode. SSA has been launched in 2001-2002 in partnership with the State Governments and Local Self Governments. The programme aims to provide useful and relevant, elementary education to all children in the 6 – 14 age group by 2010. It is an initiative to universalize and improve quality of education through decentralized and context specific planning and a process based, time bound implementation strategy. The programme lays emphasis on bridging all gender and social category gaps at elementary education level with time bound objectives. Its intention is clear from the name itself – Sarva meaning all, Shiksha meaning education, and Abhiyan meaning campaign. SSA adopts, â€Å"the bottom-up† process of planning, wherein the felt needs of the served communities and educational needs of learners are well taken care of and the plan fits into the broad framework of SSA. In view of the fact that the desired improvement and sustenance of the improved efficiency level cannot be achieved without the active involvement of the community in the schooling system, SSA has emphasized the involvement of local people and stakeholders in planning. This also ensures reflection of local specificity, which is essential for achieving the goals of the programme. For a brief understanding of the activities of the SSA mission, it is important to highlight some of its objectives – * The programme seeks to open new schools in those habitations which do not have schooling facilities and strengthen existing school infrastructure through provision of additional class rooms, toilets, drinking water, maintenance grant and school improvement grants. * Existing schools with inadequate teacher strength are provided with additional teachers, while the capacity of existing teachers is being strengthened by extensive training, grants for developing teaching-learning materials and strengthening of the academic support structure at a cluster, block and district level. * SSA seeks to provide quality elementary education including life skills. SSA has a special focus on girl’s education and children with special needs. SSA also seeks to provide computer education to bridge the digital divide. ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY. The role of the civil society is very important for the realization of universal elementary education. For the success of the SSA Mission, the common people, voluntary organizations, NGOs, etc. has an important role to play. With reference to the Aizawl District, there are the voluntary organizations like the Y. M. A. and M. H. I. P. which had signed an agreement with the SSA for working together for the realization of the goals and objectives of the SSA Mission especially in the areas like identification of Out Of School Children, Children with Special Needs, promotion of Girls Education, and more. The SSA and these voluntary organizations work together in creating awareness and also to change the mindsets of the people against the Children with Special Needs. Also, the Mizoram Presbyterian Church works constructively with the SSA in the promotion of its goals. It is through these organizations that the common people play an important role in the SSA Mission. CONCLUSION Achievements made by Mizoram in the field of elementary education, as a result of intervention of SSA, are very much appreciable. Enrollment and retention rate are appreciably high. Dropout rate and the number of out of school children are also very low as compared to other states of the country. A good number of new school buildings have come up and existing school buildings have improved a lot. Schools have become much more attractive places for children with the installation of outdoor play equipments such as colorful slides, see saw and swings. Children seem to enjoy the Mid Day Meal provided to them on daily basis and poor and working parents are greatly relieved from their burden. Schools with inadequate number of teachers have been equipped with additional teachers. We can, therefore, conclude that quantitative expansion and improvement have been achieved to an appreciable extent in Mizoram due to the intervention of SSA. However, Mizoram has only reached the stage where quantitative expansion and improvement has been achieved. A time has come when Mizoram has to give due attention and priority to qualitative improvement. Improved infrastructural facilities, high rate of enrolment retention, low rate of drop out and out of school children are not the ends but the means to realize the goals of qualitative elementary education. The state government and the SSA authorities should not be complacent with the achievement of only quantitative expansion of elementary education; rather they should take care of aspects which can provide quality education to children in the primary and upper primary schools.

Sociological Approach to Literature Essay

The study of literature within the discipline of sociology, integrates a concern for meaning and the unique properties inherent in literary texts, reflecting the economics, attitudes, morals and religion of the society that produced the texts.1Each society inter-connected and independent, yet distinct and diverse is influenced by the literature, for there are innumerable instances exemplifying the co-relation of life and literature. The impact of literature is influential on man’s behavior and outlook, moreover, governing the minds of the populace, as proved in the realms of the history, either reinforcing the social system or invalidating it.2From the reserves of the product of a creative and selective process that spanned centuries of historical and religious change, â€Å"Jahili†3 poetry administer the transvaluation of the cultured atmosphere of the Near East and the religious vision of a nascent Muslim doctrine in the pastoral-nomadic societies of the Early Arabs. Projecting the synonymous notion, in the contemporary world, with addition to the eloquent and artistic value, the literature delineates sociological aspects in reality, for instance, the Palestinian poet Ibrahim Tuqan cast an increasingly angry eye on the exacerbating situation of his homeland: You people, your foes are not such as to be gentle and merciful. You people, before you is nothing but exile, so get ready.4 Literature has the efficacy to enlighten the intellectual understanding of the human race, transforming history, conjointly demolishing the hurdles obstructing the growth of society hence ‘each society would develop when the literature flourishes from within’,5 with the assistance of effectuating the ideologies and the postulates registered in the expositions. This paper suggests that the quintessential book of ‘Raudat-Hidayat’6, the stacked selection of hundred conclusive ‘ahaadeeth shareefah and akaaleem muneefah’ by His Holiness. Dr. Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin TUS, as being the truest form of literature, reflects the structure and culture of Dawoodi Bohras, meanwhile inculcates the ingenuity for the satisfactory living in this adversary world. The indispensable collaborator, embodying the reflections and descriptions, despite of being sterile from a sociological point at the first sight, genuinely penetrates into the private and discreet sou rces of  individual life. The inferences for the relationship between literature and sociology have been broached and opted for, such as Emile Durkheim rejected the idea that education could be the force to transform society by concluding that education ‘can be reformed only if society itself is reformed’7. The precept of literature being a mirror to the society is ancient; however it is said, the idea of the systematic application appeared as an inception in Madame de Stael’s â€Å"De la litterature consideree dans ses rapports†8, exhibiting a social and historical interpretation of literature of several nations. To further the accessibility of sociological concepts, Lewis Loser proposed to use the literature in the classrooms, in order to deepen the understanding of various social issues. In the neoteric times, Wendy Griswold professed that the â€Å"sociology of literature was a non-field, like an amoeba -lacking firm structure†.9 The ambiance of literature awakens the consciousness of the mankind, generating the idea of utopia, a distinguished world10, established on humanization, which has been suppressed and eliminated, making the wealthiest societies on the Earth uninhabitable11. In the second half of the twentieth century, crime and social disorder began to rise, reckoning to the weakening of human ties, accelerating sharply approaching the decline of trust and confidence. The technological change which brought the â€Å"creative destruction†12 in the metropolis evoked reciprocal catastrophe in the world of social relationships, as registered by the statics of fatherless child, broken trust and deindustrialization. When the perseverance of the universe is close to humiliation, the eminence of this book is irreproachable, affirming the significance of eloquently presented words of wisdom, out of which one hadees, supplementing the cause of humanization, is as follows: â€Å"Do good to the worthy an d the unworthy. If a person is worthy, then he is deserving of that good. If a person is unworthy, then you are one who does good regardless.†13 The message of literature, elucidating the mark of greatest value of human being is humanism, embodied with the intellect which overshadows instinct, to differentiate purified from the contaminated, limiting the access to the beneficial over the hazardous matter. A society build around the technology has covered the grounds of diplomacy, granting in return freedom and equality, which has been claimed and modified, without taking any effect, for inequality of recognition, respect, love, care and  solidarity are found in the recent years14, whereas, this piece of advice deals with the equality on the main scale, which in turn envelopes the social structure with the fabric of love. Thus, the individual attains the best diversion from tension, anxiety, worries and fear for masses towards achieving a sense of relief and freedom, moving forward to the goal of perfection and liberation, which is rightly divulged by the culture of Dawoodi Bohras, as acknowledged by Mathew Arnold15: ‘ Harmonious human perfection can be achieved only by culture, since culture is nothing but the love for the study of perfection in thoughts, words and deeds.’ The aspiration of disembarkation of spiritual satisfaction stem in human efforts in the field of science and technology, literary and religious services, in this manner, it is crucial to reveal such cultural knowledge, to generation after generation. Robert Browning16 visualized the gaining of power by acquiring highest knowledge as the aim of life and with the passage of time realized that the highest goals and ideals shouldn’t be relinquished for earthly desires or trivial things, as failure to achieve perfection is not substantial, which can be spoiled by the efforts of forces, than care and devotion involved for the contrivance of lofty and noble ideals. All of this literary content seems to be imprisoned in the texts, for it is rarely seen that the vision Robert presented is acted upon, the intellectual concepts have been confined to materialism, leaving behind the refinement of spirituality. The theory and practice have the natural affinity to each other, which will be reconciled from the impact of the practitioners, just as His HolinessTUS enlightens the pathway towards good cause by demonstrating His deeds and thoughts. Making theory and methods relevant to real problems of the society and issues would end the tedi um but the question raised is not â€Å"what should we do† but rather â€Å"do we have the will to do it?†17 The dilemma is the courage to carry out the enforced task, however, describing its complex nature, linking the attributes of spirituality along with the dignified body, as W.B. Yeats symbolically expresses the mortal life of man as the broad base of the spiraling cone and the apex representing the spiritual life of man. The clarification of concepts in order to make efforts for the cleansing of the souls, is magnified in the literature represented by His Holiness TUS, like it can be seen in this advice that the doer is sprinkled with the peace and  satisfaction by the revelation of him being towards the positive way, in all the aspects of life, as proclaimed by Syedi Yusuf Bhaisaheb NajmuddinRA in the eloquence of the literature of Syedna Taher SaifuddinRA : â€Å"He served by his noble self in detecting the meanings of eternal kind, and in between those meanings, were factual explanations and eternal concealments, glorifying the aspects of life and the exposures of the universe, with the eternal benefits, explaining all the themes which will emerge continually, appointing its principle and its assets.†18 The idiosyncrasy of Fatemi literature in the combination of this world and here-after, the utter projection of the truth, surmounts the relation between literature and sociology, and grant s the reader this perspective: â€Å"Everything that was bestowed on him, led him to a clear straight path, the view became distinctive, collecting the thoughts in its scope†19 Thus it has been collected that the literature shows the correct path of light, illuminating the human’s mind and soul in the process, which makes him tackle the hardships of life, and evolve personal satisfaction, augmenting the desired perfection, proven by the literary statistics of the Dawoodi Bohra’s society, piously devoted to the welfare of the humanity, and abiding by the laws of humanization, in the guidance of their spiritual father, emanating the theories into practice. The prayers of the Mumineen sect are always for their Moula, before the Almighty to bestow him with a long life, and his descendant till the Day of Judgment. Ameen.